Mirza Hossein Khan Kasmai's Affiliation with the Jungle Movement: A Study Based on Documents from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Document Type : Original Article

Author

PhD in Iranian History of the Islamic Period. Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran. Iran.

Abstract
Joining and participating in the Jungle Movement was the final stage of Mirza Hossein Khan Kasmaei's political life. Mirza Hossein Khan Kasmaei, one of the pioneers of constitutionalist activities in Gilan, joined the ranks of constitutionalists from the very beginning. He played a significant role in the Gilan Revolution and the capture of the Rasht Governorate. Following the Russian Ultimatum, he was forced to leave Gilan and emigrate to France. Historical sources that address the events of the Jungle Movement refer to Mirza Hossein Khan Kasmaei as one of Mirza Kouchek Khan's companions. The present article aims to determine the exact time of Mirza Hossein Khan Kasmaei's presence and his joining of the Jungle Movement by examining archival documents and evidence through historical methodology. The obtained results indicate that, contrary to the assertions of some sources, Mirza Hossein Khan had joined this movement from its early days and was present alongside Mirza Kouchek Khan.

Keywords

Subjects
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